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Rheumatoid arthritis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Rheumatoid arthritis is an ongoing, called chronic, condition that causes pain, swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in the joints. But it also can damage other parts of the body. These may include the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels. Rheumatoid arthritis happens when the immune system attacks its own body's tissues by mistake. This is called an autoimmune condition ...

Rheumatoid arthritis - Wikipedia
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can affect multiple organ systems. [15][16] It mainly affects fluid filled connections between joints (synovial joints), causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints. [17] RA also affects other organs in 20–40% of people. [18] RA typically develops slowly and affects both sides of the body. [19][20] Systemic symptoms ...

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Symptoms, Stages & Treatment
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of arthritis where your immune system attacks the tissue lining your joints. Learn more about this condition and its treatment options.

Rheumatic Diseases: Types, Causes, and Diagnosis - WebMD
WebMD provides information on the most common rheumatic diseases and their treatments, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, and Sjogren's syndrome.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and More
Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory type of arthritis that can cause joint pain, swelling and damage. Learn what causes RA and how to treat it.

Rheumatoid arthritis - UpToDate
UpToDate provides comprehensive information on rheumatoid arthritis, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and management strategies for healthcare professionals and patients.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Signs, Causes, Treatments, and Care - WebMD
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune arthritis where your body’s immune system attacks its own tissue, including joints and internal organs, causing pain and swelling.

Rheumatoid Arthritis - Kaiser Permanente
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a condition in which the body's own immune system attacks the joints. This causes swollen, stiff, and painful (inflamed) joints, especially in the hands and feet.

Rheumatoid arthritis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Rheumatoid arthritis can be hard to diagnose in its early stages. That's because the early symptoms can be like those of other common conditions. During the physical exam, your healthcare professional checks your joints for swelling, redness and warmth. Your healthcare professional also may check your reflexes and muscle strength.

Rheumatoid Arthritis - American College of Rheumatology
Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune type of arthritis. In RA, your body’s immune system begins to react against its own tissues, causing significant inflammation in your joints and various other organs. This can cause joint pain, stiffness, swelling and decreased flexibility of the joints.

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Mechanism Matters in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment  Physicians Weekly
District of Alaska | Anchorage doctor sentenced to prison in multi-million-dollar health care, tax fraud schemes  Department of Justice (.gov)
Catching the early signs of juvenile idiopathic arthritis  UT Physicians
Discordance between patient and physician global assessments amongst South Africans with rheumatoid arthritis  Frontiers
Achieving and Sustaining Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis  Physicians Weekly
Roundtable: Understanding Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Through Synovial Tissue Atlas  Physicians Weekly
Moving Beyond TNF Cycling in Rheumatoid Arthritis  Physicians Weekly
Rheumatoid Arthritis Linked to Markedly Higher Rates of Overactive Bladder  Physicians Weekly
Should You Exercise With Arthritis Or Rest Completely? Doctor Explains The Right Balance  NDTV
Dear Doctor: Allergic to RA medications? Biologicals might be an option  OregonLive.com
2026 Top Doctor Mark Freijat, M.D. Rheumatology  www.phoenixmag.com
Switching Rheumatologists? Here’s How to Navigate  HealthCentral
What Doctors Want You to Know About Arthritis in the Hands  Prevention
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Cardiovascular Risk: What Clinicians Need to Know  Physicians Weekly
What to Know About Methotrexate for Rheumatoid Arthritis  Everyday Health

Common Rheumatological Symptoms

Joint Pain (Arthralgia) — Persistent discomfort or soreness in one or more joints caused by inflammation, wear and tear, or underlying autoimmune responses.
Morning Stiffness — Reduced joint mobility and tightness upon waking, often lasting over 30 to 60 minutes in inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Joint Swelling and Edema — Visible enlargement of affected joints resulting from fluid accumulation in the synovial membrane and inflamed surrounding tissue.
Localized Warmth and Redness — Elevated temperature and erythema skin discoloration surrounding inflamed joints due to increased blood flow from localized inflammation.
Systemic Fatigue — Overwhelming exhaustion and lack of energy caused by ongoing chronic inflammatory cytokine activity throughout the body.
Raynaud's Phenomenon — Temporary color changes in fingers or toes turning white, blue, and red in response to cold or stress due to vascular spasms.
Malar or Butterfly Rash — Red or purplish facial rash spanning across the bridge of the nose and cheeks, classically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Milestones in Rheumatology History

c. 400 BC: Hippocratic Corpus Coining — Hippocrates uses the term "rheuma" to describe body humors flowing into joints, establishing the early classical concept of joint inflammation.
1592: Formal Definition of Rheumatism — French physician Guillaume de Baillou introduces the modern term "rheumatism" to distinguish systemic acute arthritis from localized gout.
1800: Clinical Description of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais publishes the first detailed clinical description separating rheumatoid arthritis from gout, calling it "asthenic gout."
1859: Naming of Rheumatoid Arthritis — Sir Alfred Baring Garrod formally coins the term "rheumatoid arthritis" to clearly differentiate the inflammatory autoimmune condition from osteoarthritis and gout.
1940: Discovery of the Rheumatoid Factor — Erik Waaler discovers autoantibodies in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, laying the groundwork for serological autoimmune diagnostics.
1948: Introduction of Corticosteroid Therapy — Philip Hench and Edward Kendall demonstrate the dramatic anti-inflammatory effects of Compound E (cortisone) in treating rheumatoid arthritis, earning the Nobel Prize.
1998: Emergence of Biologic DMARDs — The FDA approves the first TNF-alpha inhibitors, ushering in the modern era of targeted biologic therapies for autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Current Trends in Rheumatology Research

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Reset Therapy — Investigating engineered cellular therapies to achieve drug-free, durable clinical remissions by completely depleting pathogenic autoantibodies in severe refractory lupus and systemic sclerosis.
Selective TYK2 and Oral JAK Pathway Inhibition — Developing highly targeted, small-molecule oral inhibitors like deucravacitinib that disrupt specific cytokine signaling pathways while minimizing broader off-target side effects.
Targeted Pathogenic T-Cell and B-Cell Depletion — Evaluating novel biologics, such as rosnilimab and ianalumab, designed to selectively deplete overactive immune cell subpopulations involved in rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's disease.
Biomarker-Driven Precision Medicine — Utilizing pharmacogenomics and molecular biomarkers to predict individualized therapeutic responses and match systemic autoimmune conditions to specific biological mechanisms.
Subclinical Interception and Disease Prevention — Identifying seropositive individuals early using high-risk autoantibody profiles to initiate preventive targeted therapies before irreversible joint damage occurs.
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Disease Modeling — Deploying machine learning algorithms across electronic health records and imaging modalities to forecast inflammatory flares and refine diagnostic accuracy.